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    CET-4閱讀理解的命題特征及應(yīng)試策略

    時(shí)間:2022-09-20 21:11:53 語(yǔ)文百科 我要投稿
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    CET-4閱讀理解的命題特征及應(yīng)試策略

      ①偷梁換柱

    CET-4閱讀理解的命題特征及應(yīng)試策略

      同一律要求在同一思維過(guò)程中,概念必須保持同一,原來(lái)在什么意義上使用某概念,就應(yīng)該一直按這個(gè)意義使用這一概念,不能任意變換。所謂偷梁換柱,就是在同一思維過(guò)程中,用內(nèi)涵、外延不同的另一概念去代替內(nèi)涵和外延已經(jīng)確定的概念。即命題者采用原文中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分的詞匯,但不經(jīng)意間換上幾個(gè)詞,造成曲解原意。這種干擾手法主要是利用考生因解題時(shí)間緊或者粗枝大葉而沒有細(xì)細(xì)品讀全部選擇項(xiàng)的心理弱點(diǎn)。由于干擾項(xiàng)與原文極為相似,有時(shí)甚至只差一個(gè)詞,對(duì)考生的干擾性特別強(qiáng)。如:

      CET-4 2005.1 Passage One Question12. We learn from the passage that ___________ . A) one doesn’t need to take any medicine if he has a cold or the flu.

      B) aspirin should not be included in over-the-counter medicines for the flu

      C) delayed treatment of the flu will harm the liver and central nervous system

      D) over-the-counter drugs can be taken to ease the misery caused by a cold or the flu

      不少考生認(rèn)為C是正確答案。乍一看,C選項(xiàng)與原文第七段最后一句:However, children and teens with a cold or flu should not take aspirin for pain relief because of the risk of Reye syndrome, a rare but serious condition of the liver and central nervous system. 后半句基本一致。但是仔細(xì)閱讀上下文就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),原文所要表達(dá)的意思是說(shuō)Reye綜合癥對(duì)肝和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)有嚴(yán)重影響,這與流感的治療延誤與否無(wú)關(guān)。

     、趶埞诶畲

      張冠李戴的手法就是混淆兩種不同的事物,問(wèn)的是“此物”,卻用“彼物”設(shè)置為選擇項(xiàng),以圖干擾考生,引人入彀。有時(shí)題干是主語(yǔ),選項(xiàng)是謂語(yǔ),考生就要留心題干的主語(yǔ)和選項(xiàng)的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是否張冠李戴。例如:

      CET-4 2005.6 Passage Four Question36. The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of America’s “Last Great Places” is to ___________ .

      A) gain support from the local community

      B) protect it from irresponsible development

      C) make it a better home for black bears

      D) provide financial security for future generations

      有些考生一看到D就作出了錯(cuò)誤選擇,因?yàn)樵牡谒亩味文┯羞@樣一個(gè)句子:As a result, his family’s land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson. 但他們沒有看清現(xiàn)在問(wèn)的是“將Poconos地區(qū)命名為美國(guó)‘最后的一片樂(lè)土’之一的目的”,而不是“Francis與協(xié)會(huì)合作,將農(nóng)場(chǎng)加入縣級(jí)發(fā)起的農(nóng)莊保護(hù)計(jì)劃的原因”。此外,命題者還會(huì)利用文中對(duì)中心話題提出的不同常理的新穎觀點(diǎn),將文章作者和他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆起來(lái)。這也是一種常見的命題手法。

     、蹮o(wú)中生有

      無(wú)中生有是指命題者根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容有意捏造事實(shí),編造信息組成干擾項(xiàng),并且這一推斷并不能從原文任何一處找到相關(guān)依據(jù)。如:

      CET-4 2005.6 Passage Two Question27. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players _________ .

      A) are too eager to win

      B) are usually short-tempered and easily offended

      C) cannot afford to be polite in fierce competitions

      D) treat their rivals as enemies

      這道題對(duì)應(yīng)的答題線索在第三段:Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one’s intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. 而全文都沒有提到ABC三種情況,雖然看似合理,但屬于無(wú)中生有。有時(shí),命題者還會(huì)利用文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的一些關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng),其欺騙性就更大。

      ④本末倒置

      在分析原因和解釋現(xiàn)象的閱讀題中,命題者常常將概念的主次關(guān)系顛倒,也就是說(shuō)把次要原因和主要原因混在一起,把直接原因和間接原因混在一起,考生就需要仔細(xì)區(qū)分。

      例如: CET-4 1997.6 Passage Three Question25. The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to _______.

      A) compare the consequences of the earthquakes that occurred in the U.S.

      B) encourage civil engineers to make more extensive use of computers

      C) outline the history of the development of quake-resistant building materials

      D) report new developments in constructing quake-resistant buildings

      作者寫這篇文章的主要目的是什么呢?有些考生選擇了A,當(dāng)然文章開頭就對(duì)比了發(fā)生在美國(guó)洛杉磯的兩次地震,但是這只是為了引出下面的主題,即介紹防震建筑的新發(fā)展。這里命題者就顛倒了主次,企圖以此干擾考生。

     、菀云湃

      有時(shí)命題者故意改動(dòng)文中結(jié)論,以局部代替全部,以部分代替整體,以一種情形代替所有情形,這就是“以偏概全”。如:

      CET-4 1998.1 Passage Two Question20. The best title for the passage would be ___________ .

      A) The Importance of Newspaper Topicality

      B) The Characteristics of a Good Newspaper

      C) The Variety of a Good Newspaper

      D) Some Suggestions on How to Read a Newspaper

      文章作者從報(bào)道內(nèi)容的范疇、讀報(bào)的方式、針對(duì)的讀者群、內(nèi)容的時(shí)事性等方面切入,闡述了一份好報(bào)紙應(yīng)具備的特色。選項(xiàng)B概括全面,當(dāng)然是最佳選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)A和C只是涉及其中一個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn),就是“以偏概全”。

     、捱^(guò)猶不及

      歸納所給材料的主旨或?qū)偨Y(jié)其中一段的大意也是閱讀理解題所要考查的一項(xiàng)基本能力。命題者在這里時(shí)常設(shè)置的陷阱是添枝加葉,用超過(guò)文章范圍的結(jié)論來(lái)迷惑考生。舉例如下:

      CET-4 2006.1 Passage four Question40. It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is __________ .

      A) a social issue calling for immediate attention

      B) not necessary among family members

      C) a sign of social progress

      D) not as simple as it seems

      通觀全篇,作者列舉了三種虛假道歉的情況,都是來(lái)證明恰當(dāng)?shù)皿w的道歉需要一定的技巧,但并沒有像選項(xiàng)A那樣,將“道歉”上升到亟待關(guān)注的社會(huì)問(wèn)題這一層面,有些言過(guò)其實(shí)了。從某種意義上說(shuō),考試是命題者與考生之間的一場(chǎng)智力游戲。只要考生平時(shí)多揣摩命題者的出題思路,熟悉命題手法,經(jīng)常站在命題者的角度來(lái)思維,就一定能在CET考試中占得上風(fēng)。

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